求基因工程简介,中英对照翻译的

求基因工程简介,中英对照翻译的
求基因工程简介,中英对照翻译的

求基因工程简介,中英对照翻译的
基因工程,又称为基因改造,是人类直接操纵生物体的基因组使用现代技术.它涉及到引进国外基因或基因的生物体的兴趣.引进新的基因并不需要使用经典遗传方法,但是传统的育种方法通常用于繁殖重组生物体.一个生物体是通过引进重组被认为是转基因生物体.第一个生物基因工程细菌在1973,小鼠1974.胰岛素的细菌在1982的转基因食品已经售出1994.最常见的形式,基因工程涉及插入新的遗传物质在一个秘密地点在宿主基因组.这是通过隔离和复制的遗传物质的利益,利用分子克隆的方法生成一个序列包含所需的遗传成分的表达,然后插入到宿主生物体的构造.其他形式的遗传工程包括基因打靶和淘汰通过特定的基因工程锌指核酸或核酸等工程归巢内切酶.基因工程技术已被应用在许多领域包括研究,生物技术,医药.药品如胰岛素和人生长激素现在生产的细菌,如oncomouse实验小鼠和基因敲除小鼠被用于研究目的和抗虫性和/或耐除草剂作物已商品化.基因工程植物和动物能生产生物技术药物成本比目前的方法（称为嫁接）也正在开发,并在2009美国食品药品管理局批准销售的药物蛋白抗生产的牛奶的转基因山羊.
Genetic engineering,also called genetic modification,is the direct human manipulation of an organism's genome using modern DNA technology.It involves the introduction of foreign DNA or synthetic genes into the organism of interest.The introduction of new DNA does not require the use of classical genetic methods,however traditional breeding methods are typically used for the propagation of recombinant organisms.
An organism that is generated through the introduction of recombinant DNA is considered to be a genetically modified organism.The first organisms genetically engineered were bacteria in 1973 and then mice in 1974.Insulin-producing bacteria were commercialized in 1982 and genetically modified food has been sold since 1994.
The most common form of genetic engineering involves the insertion of new genetic material at an unspecified location in the host genome.This is accomplished by isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using molecular cloning methods to generate a DNA sequence containing the required genetic elements for expression,and then inserting this construct into the host organism.Other forms of genetic engineering include gene targeting and knocking out specific genes via engineered nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases or engineered homing endonucleases.
Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research,biotechnology,and medicine.Medicines such as insulin and human growth hormone are now produced in bacteria,experimental mice such as the oncomouse and the knockout mouse are being used for research purposes and insect resistant and/or herbicide tolerant crops have been commercialized.Genetically engineered plants and animals capable of producing biotechnology drugs more cheaply than current methods (called pharming) are also being developed and in 2009 the FDA approved the sale of the pharmaceutical protein antithrombin produced in the milk of genetically engineered goats.