英语翻译内容关于计算机,有少量语法分析,翻译不用过于书面,

英语翻译内容关于计算机,有少量语法分析,翻译不用过于书面,
英语翻译
内容关于计算机,有少量语法分析,翻译不用过于书面,

英语翻译内容关于计算机,有少量语法分析,翻译不用过于书面,
THE INTERNET

1．What is the Internet?

Internet is the largest global internetwork,connecting tens of thousand of networks worldwide and having a“culture”that focuses on research and standardization based on real-life use．Many leading-edge network technologies come from the Internet community．The Internet evolved in part from ARPAnet．
ARPAnet is abbreviated from“Advanced Research Projects Agency Network”．Landmark packet-switching network established in 1969．ARPAnet was developed in the 1970s by BBN and funded by ARPA[1]．It eventually evolved into the Internet．The term ARPAnet was officially retired in 1990．

2．Internet services

From the user’s point of view,a TCP/IP internet[2] appears to be a set of application programs that use the network to carry out useful communication tasks．We use the term interoperability to refer to the ability of diverse computing systems to cooperate in solving computational problems．Internet application programs exhibit a high degree of interoperability．Most users that access the Internet do so merely by running application programs without understanding the TCP/IP technology,the structure of the underlying internet,or even the path the data travels to its destination；they rely on the application programs and the underlying network software to handle such details．Only programmers who write network application programs need to view the internet as a network and need to understand some of the technology．
The most popular and widespread Internet application services include：
1）WWW（word wide web）
WWW is a large network of Internet servers providing hypertext and other services to terminals[3] running client applications such as a browser．
WWW enables users to search,access,and download information from a worldwide series of networked servers where information is dynamically interlinked．A Web client passes a user’s request for information to a server,usually by way of a Web browser．The server and client communicate through a transfer protocol,usually the HyperText Transfer Protocol（HTTP）[4]．The server then accesses a Web page using a Uniform Resource Locator（URL）．Search engines are available to simplify access by enabling users to enter search criteria on a topic and have several URLs returned for Web pages that pertain to the desired information[5]．
Browser is a GUI-based hypertext client application,such as Internet explorer（IE）,Mosaic,and Netscape Navigator,used to access bypertext documents and other services located on innumerable remote servers throughout the WWW and Internet．
2）Electronic mail
Electronic mail allows a user to compose memos and send them to individuals or groups．Another part of the mail application allows users to read memos that they have received．Electronic mail has been so successful that many Internet users depend on it for normal business correspondence[6]．Although many electronic mail systems exist,using TCP/IP makes mail delivery more reliable because it does not rely on intermediate computers to relay mail messages[7]．A TCP/IP mail delivery system operates by having the sender’s machine contact the receiver’s machine directly．Thus,the sender knows that once the message leaves the local machine,it has been successful received at the destination site．
There are two kinds of E-mail protocol used in the Internet．One is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol（SMTP）which accepts incoming connections and copies messages from them into the appropriate mailboxes[8]．Another is Post Office Protocol-3（POP3）which fetches E-mail from the remote mailbox and stores it on the user’s local machine to be read later．
3）File Transfer Protocol（FTP）
FTP is an application protocol,part of the TCP/IP protocol stack,used for transferring files between network nodes．Although users sometimes transfer files using electronic mail,mail is designed primarily for short text messages．The TCP/IP protocols include a file transfer application program that allows users to send or receive arbitrarily large files of programs or data．For example,using the file transfer program,one can copy from one machine to another a large database containing satellite images,a program written in Pascal or C＋＋,or even an English dictionary．The system provides a way to check for authorized users,or even to prevent all access．Like mail,file transfer across a TCP/1P internet is reliable because the two machines involved communicate directly,without relying on intermediate machines to make copies of the
file along the way．
4）Telecommunication network（Telnet）
Telnet is a standard terminal emulation protocol in the TCP/IP protocol stack．Telnet is used for remote terminal connection,enabling users to log in to remote systems and use resources as if they were connected to a local system．
Remote login allows a user sitting at one computer to connect to a remote machine and establish an interactive login session．The remote login makes it appear that a window on the user’s screen connects directly to the remote machine by sending each keystroke from the user’s keyboard to the remote machine and displaying each character the remote computer prints in the user’s window[10]．When the remote login session terminates,the application returns the user to the local system．
NOTES
[1] ARPA是Advanced Research Projects Agency的缩写,指（美）高级研究计划署.
[2] TCP/IP internet采用TCP/IP协议的互联网.
[3] 此处,terminals是指连入因特网的各种终端.
[4] usually后面的是同位语.
[5] 由and连接的两个并列成分,主语为Search engines.Search criteria搜索判据（关键字）.
[6] that引出的原因状语从句.
[7] 此处TCP/IP是指由TCP/IP协议支持的电子邮件.relay此处意为转发.
[8] 句中connections含有通信双方先建立一个连接,然后再通信的意思；后面的them也代表connections.
[9] 由多个并列宾语构成的长句.
[10]句中it为先行宾语,appear为宾语补语.由that引出的从句为真正的宾语,在这一从句中,by sending... and displaying...这两个动名词短语为状语.
KEYWORDS
Internet 因特网
ARPAnet ARPA计算机网,阿帕网
packet-switching network 分组交换网,包交换网
interoperability 互操作性
WWW（world wide web） 万维网,环球信息网
Hypertext 超文本
client 客户
browser 浏览器
download 下载
HTTP（hypertext transfer protocol） 超文本传送协议
URL（uniform resource locator） 统一资源定位地址
search engine 搜索引擎
search criteria 搜索条件
Web page 网页
GUI（graphical user interface） 图形用户接口
IE（Internet Explorer） （微软公司的）浏览器软件
Mosaic 美国计算机安全协会（NCSA）的公共WWW浏览器
Navigator （网景公司的）浏览器
electronic mail 电子邮件
SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol） 简单邮件传送协议
POP（Post Office Protocol） 邮局协议
FTP（File Transfer Protocol） 文件传送协议
Telnet（Telecommunication network） 远程通信网
TCP/IP（Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol） 传输控制协议／互联网协议
翻译：
因特网

1．什么是因特网
因特网是最大的全球互联网,连接了全世界范围内数以万计的网络,并已从真实生活出发形成了专注于研究和标准化的“文化”,许多前沿网络技术都是来自因特网社会.因特网的前身是ARPAnet.
ARPAnet是Advanced Research Project Agency network的缩写.它是1969年建立的分组交换网络的里程碑,是由BBN公司开发和美国高级研究计划署投资的.20世纪70年代ARPA网得到了发展,最终演变为因特网.“ARPAnet”一词也于1990年正式停用.
2．因特网服务
从用户的观点来看,TCP/IP协议下的互联网有一套通过网络实现多种通信任务的应用程序.术语互操作性用来表明各种计算系统解决计算问题时相互合作的能力.因特网应用程序展示了高度的互操作性.大多数访问因特网的用户只是运行应用程序而不了解TCP/IP技术、互联网基本结构,甚至不了解数据到达目的站的路径；他们依靠应用程序和基本网络软件来处理这些细节.只有编写网络应用程序的程序员,才需要把互联网视为一个网络并了解某些技术问题.
应用最广的因特网应用服务包括如下诸方面.
1）万维网
万维网是一种提供因特网服务的大型网络,它同运行客户应用程序,如浏览器软件的终端提供超文本和其他服务.
万维网允许用户从动态链接信息的全球服务器系列中搜索、访问和下载信息. Web客户通常通过Web浏览器,向服务器传送用户需要信息的请求.服务器与客户通过传输协议.通常是超文本传输协议（HTTP）进行通信.然后,服务器用统一资源地址（URL）访问网页,搜索引擎可用来简化访问允许用户输入有关专题的搜索条件,从而使若干（URL）返回有关所需信息的网页.
浏览器是一种基于图形用户界面的超文本客户程序,如IE,Mosaic和Netscape公司的Navigator等.通过浏览器可以对万维网和因特网上无数个远程服务器上的超文本文件和其他服务进行访问.
2）电子邮件
电子邮件让用户能撰写信函并将其发送给一个人或一群人.邮件应用程序的另一功能是允许用户去阅读已经收到的信函.电子邮件之所以如此成功,是因为很多因特网用户依靠它进行正常的通信.虽然现在有很多电子邮件系统,但采用TCP/IP使得邮件的发送更可靠.这是因为TCP/IP不依靠中间的计算机去转发邮件报文.TCP/IP邮件发送系统是发送方机器与接受方机器直接进行通信的.因而发送者知道一旦报文离开本地机器,就能被目的站点成功地接收到.
在因特网上有两种电子邮件协议,一是简单邮件传送协议SMTP,它接收送达的邮件并从中复制报文到相应的邮箱,另一个邮件协议是邮局协议POP3,它从远程邮箱中取出电子邮件并将其存储在用户本地机器上,以便以后阅读.
3）文件传送协议（FTP）
FTP是TCP/IP协议栈中的应用协议,用来在网络结点间传送文件.
虽然用户有时用电子邮件传送文件,但邮件主要用来传送短的文本报文.TCP/ IP协议包含一种文件传送应用程序,它允许用户发送和接收任意规模的程序或数据文件.例如,利用文件传输程序,可将含有卫星图像的大型数据库,用Pascal或C++语言写的程序或一本英语字典从一台机器复制到另一台机器上.该系统提供一种对授权用户的检查方法,甚至可阻止所有的访问.与邮件一样,文件传输跨越TCP/IP协议下的互联网是可靠的,因为所涉及的两台机器直接通信,在一条通路上进行文件复制,而不依靠中间的机器.
4）远程通信网（Telnet）
它是TCP/ IP协议栈中的标准终端仿真协议.Telnet用于远程终端连接,允许用户登录到远程系统上,并像连接到本地系统那样使用资源.远程登录使一台计算机上的用户连到一台远程机器上并建立一个交互式登录会话.远程登录将用户屏幕窗口直接连接到远程机器上,于是,用户键盘上的每一个击键都发送到远程机器上,而远程计算机在该用户窗口上输出的每一个字符都会显示出来.当远程登录会话终止时,该应用程序再将用户返回到本地系统.
EXERCISES
1．Fill in the blanks with appropriate words or phrases．
（1）＿＿＿is a large network of Internet servers．
（2）＿＿＿is the largest global internetworks．
（3）＿＿＿is the landmark packet-switching network．
（4）GUI is abbreviated from＿＿＿．
（5）Many business correspondences are transferred via＿＿＿．
（6）IE is produced by＿＿＿．
（7）We access a Web page by using a ．
（8）We can use the＿＿＿to send or receive arbitrarily large files．
（9）Many leading-edge network technologies come from＿＿＿．
（10）＿＿＿is a standard terminal emulation protocol．
a．electronic mail b．Telnet
c．WWW d．Graphical User Interface
e．Internet community f．Internet
g．URL h．Microsoft corp．
i．FTP j．ARPAnet
2．True / False．
（1）A“culture”of Internet focuses on research and standardization based on real-life use．
（2）Electronic mail is designed for transferring very large file．
（3）The term ARPAnet was officially retired in 1980s．
（4）We can use POP3 to send a E-mail．
（5）Using Telnet we can login to remote systems as if we were connected to a local system．
（6）The term interoperability means the ability of the same computing syste-ms．
（7）To use the electronic mail we must establish a mailbox on a mail server．
（8）Most Internet users must understand the TCP/IP technology．
（9）Two sites of using FTP rely on intermediate machines．
（10）Search engines require users to enter search criteria．

答案：
1．
（1）c （2）f （3）j （4）d
（5）a （6）h （7）g （8）i
（9）e （10）b
2．
（1）t （2）f （3）f （4）f
（5）t （6）f （7）t （8）f
（9）f （10）t