跪求介绍中国结和年年有余（鱼）的英文文章小子对国内文化小有认识,只是用英文直接翻译显得令国际友人感到晦涩难懂,特求英语高手用英文介绍一下这方面知识,祝大家新年快乐,新春愉快

跪求介绍中国结和年年有余（鱼）的英文文章小子对国内文化小有认识,只是用英文直接翻译显得令国际友人感到晦涩难懂,特求英语高手用英文介绍一下这方面知识,祝大家新年快乐,新春愉快
跪求介绍中国结和年年有余（鱼）的英文文章
小子对国内文化小有认识,只是用英文直接翻译显得令国际友人感到晦涩难懂,特求英语高手用英文介绍一下这方面知识,祝大家新年快乐,新春愉快!

跪求介绍中国结和年年有余（鱼）的英文文章小子对国内文化小有认识,只是用英文直接翻译显得令国际友人感到晦涩难懂,特求英语高手用英文介绍一下这方面知识,祝大家新年快乐,新春愉快
Chinese knots中国结
Chinese Knots
Traditional Chinese decorative knots, also known as Chinese knots, are typical local arts of China. They are a distinctive and traditional Chinese folk handicraft woven separately from one piece of thread and named according to its shape and meaning. In Chinese, "knot" means reunion, friendliness, peace, warmth, marriage, love, etc. Chinese knots are often used to express good wishes, including happiness, prosperity, love and the absence of evil.
Chinese people have known how to tie knots using cords ever since they began learned how to attach animal pelts to their bodies to keep warm thousands of years ago. As civilization advanced, Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening and wrapping. Knots were also used to record events, while others had a purely ornamental function. In 1980, dedicated connoisseurs collected and arranged decorative yet practical knots passed down over centuries in China. After studying the structures of these knots, the devotees set about creating new variations and increasing the decorative value of knots. The exquisitely symmetrical knots that come in so many forms are as profound as the great cultural heritage of the Chinese people.
The Chinese knot is based on over a dozen basic knots named according to their distinctive shapes, usages, or origins. The Two-Coins Knot, for example, is shaped like two overlapping coins once used in ancient China. The Button Knot functions as a button, and the Reversed Swastika Knot was derived from the Buddhist symbol commonly seen on the streamers hanging down from the waistband of the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy.
The knots are pulled tightly together and are sturdy enough to be used for binding or wrapping, making them very practical. Furthermore, the complicated structure of the Chinese knot allows all kinds of variations and enhances its decorative value. Almost all basic Chinese knots are symmetrical, which has set certain technical limitations on the design and creation of new patterns and themes. Symmetry is consistent with time-honored ornamental and aesthetic standards in China. Visually, the symmetrical designs are more easily accepted and appreciated by Chinese people.
Except for the Two-Coins Knot, the Chinese knot is three dimensional in structure. It comprises two planes tied together leaving a hollow center. Such a structure lends rigidity to the work as a whole and keeps its shape when hung on the wall. The hollow center also allows for the addition of precious stones.
Crafting the Chinese knot is a three-step process which involves tying knots, tightening them and adding the finishing touches. Knot-tying methods are fixed, but the tightening can determine the degree of tension in a knot, the length of loops (ears) and the smoothness and orderliness of the lines. Thus, how well a Chinese knot has been tightened can demonstrate the skill and artistic merit of a knot artist. Finishing a knot means inlaying pearls or other precious stones, starching the knot into certain patterns, or adding any other final touches.
Since ancient times, the Chinese knot has adorned both the fixtures of palace halls and the daily implements of countryside households. The Chinese Macrame has also appeared in paintings, sculptures and other pieces of folk art. For instance, the Chinese Macrame was used to decorate chairs used by the emperor and empress, corners of sedans, edges of parasols, streamers attached to the waistbands of lady's dresses, as well as all manners of seals, mirrors, pouches, sachets, eyeglass cases, fans and Buddhist rosaries.
The endless variations and elegant patterns of the Chinese knot, as well as the multitude of different materials that can be used (cotton, flax, silk, nylon, leather and precious metals, such as gold and silver, to name a few) have expanded the functions and widened the applications of the Chinese knot. Jewelry, clothes, gift-wrapping and furniture can be accentuated with unique Chinese knot creations. Large Chinese knot wall hangings have the same decorative value as fine paintings or photographs, and are perfectly suitable for decorating a parlor or study.
The Chinese knot, with its classic elegance and ever-changing variations, is both practical and ornamental, fully reflecting the grace and depth of Chinese culture. 中国结
"中国结"全称为"中国传统装饰结".它是一种中华民族特有的手工编织工艺品,具有悠久的历史."中国结"的起源可以追溯到上古时期,当时的绳结不仅是人们日常生活中的必备用具,同时还具有记载历史的重要功用,因而在人们的心目中是十分神圣的.很早以前人们就开始使用绳纹来装饰器物,为绳结注入了美学内涵.除了用于器物的装饰,绳结还被应用在人们的衣着、佩饰上,因此绳结也是中国古典服饰的重要组成部分.
唐宋时期（公元7～13世纪）是中国文化、艺术发展的重要时期.这一时期中国结被大量地运用于服饰和器物装饰中,呈明显的兴起之势.至明清时期（公元1368～1911年）,"中国结"工艺的发展达到鼎盛阶段,在诸多日常生活用品上都能见到美丽的花结装饰.其样式繁多,配色考究,名称巧妙,令人目不暇接,由衷赞叹.
"中国结"的编制过程十分复杂费时.每个基本结均以一根绳从头至尾编制而成,并按照结的形状为其命名.最后再将不同的基本结加以组合,间配以饰物,便成为富含文化底蕴,表示美好祝福,形式精美华丽的工艺品.
悠久的历史和漫长的文化沉淀使"中国结"蕴涵了中华民族特有的文化精髓.它不仅是美的形式和巧的结构的展示,更是一种自然灵性与人文精神的表露.因此,对传统"中国结"工艺的继承和发展是极有意义的.
年年有余：http://dreamisz.wordpress.com/2008/02/20/fish-lantern-vschinese-new-year/

Chinese knotting (Chinese: 中国结; pinyin: Zhōngguó jié) is a decorative handicraft arts that began as a form of Chinese folk art in the Tang and Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in China. It was later popular...

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Chinese knotting (Chinese: 中国结; pinyin: Zhōngguó jié) is a decorative handicraft arts that began as a form of Chinese folk art in the Tang and Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in China. It was later popularized in the Ming and Qing Dynasty (1368-1911 AD). The art is also referred to as Chinese traditional decorative knots[1]. In other cultures, it is known as "Decorative knots".
History
Archaeological studies indicate that the art of tying knots dates back to prehistoric times. Recent discoveries include 100,000-year old bone needles used for sewing and bodkins, which were used to untie knots. However, due to the delicate nature of the medium, few examples of prehistoric Chinese knotting exist today. Some of the earliest evidence of knotting have been preserved on bronze vessels of the Warring States period (481-221 BCE), Buddhist carvings of the Northern Dynasties period (317-581) and on silk paintings during the Western Han period (206 BCE-CE6).
Further references to knotting have also been found in literature, poetry and the private letters of some of the most infamous rulers of China. In the 1700s, one book that talked extensively about the art was Dream of the Red Chamber[2].
The phenomenon of knot tying continued to steadily evolve over the course of thousands of years with the development of more sophisticated techniques and increasingly intricate woven patterns. During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) knotting finally broke from its pure folklore status, becoming an acceptable art form in Chinese society and reached the pinnacle of its success. Knotting continued to flourish up until about the end of imperial China and the founding of the Republic of China in 1911 AD when China began its modernization period[1]. From 1912 to the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976, the art of Chinese knotting was almost lost[1].
In the late 1970s a resurgence of interest occurred in Taiwan, largely due to the efforts of Lydia Chen (Chen Hsia-Sheng) of the National Palace Museum who founded the Chinese Knotting Promotion Center. In the 1980s, Mrs. Chen focused her energies on the knotting artifacts preserved during the Qing Dynasty. Currently, Chinese knotting enjoys wide popularity in Taiwan with numerous specialty shops to be found.
Regional
Example of the different colours and designs used
China
Historically knotwork are divided into cords and knots. In the dynastic periods, a certain number of craftsmen were stationed in the court and outside the court to produce cords and knots in order to meet the increasing demand for them at various places of the court. Cord, knot and tassels were made separated and combined later.
Korea
In Korea, decorative knotwork is known as maedeup (매듭), often called Korean knotwork or Korean knots. Inspired by Chinese knotwork, a wall painting found in Anak, Hwanghae Province, now in North Korea, dated 357 AD, indicates that the work was flourishing in silk at that time. Decorative cording was used on silk dresses, to ornament swords, to hang personal items from belts for the aristocracy, in rituals, where it continues now in contemporary wedding ceremonies. Korean Knotwork is differentiated from Korean embroidery.
The Bong Sool tassel is noteworthy, and the most representative work familiar to westerners, and often bought as souvenirs for macramé-style wall-hangings.
Japan
With greater emphasis on the braids that are used to create the knots, Japanese knotting (also known as hanamusubi) tends to focus on individual knots.
Types of knots
A 4-row Pan Chang knot
An example of the "good luck" knot
A Chinese butterfly knot lanyardLydia Chen lists 11 basic types of Chinese decorative knotwork in her first book. More complex knots are then constructed from repeating or combining basic knots. They are:
Name Alternate names
Cloverleaf Knot 4 Flower Knot, Dragonfly Knot, Ginger Knot (Korean)
Round Brocade Knot 6 Flower Knot
Chinese Button Knot Knife Lanyard Knot, Bosun Whistle Knot
Double Connection Knot Matthew Walker Knot
Double Coin Knot Carrick Bend, Josephine Knot
Sauvastika Knot Agemaki (Japanese)
Cross Knot
Square Knot
Plafond Knot Spectacle/Glasses Knot (Korean), Caisson Ceiling Knot
Pan Chang Knot Coil Knot, Temple Knot, Chrysanthemum Knot (Korean), 2x2 Mystic Knot
Good Luck Knot
One major characteristic of decorative knotwork is that all the knots are tied using one thread, which is usually about one-meter in length. However, when finished the knot looks identical from both the front and back. They can come in a variety of colours such as; gold, green, blue or black, though the most commonly used colour is red. This is because it symbolizes good luck and prosperity.
There are many different shapes of Chinese knots. The most common being butterflies, flowers, birds, dragons, fish, and even shoes. Culturally they were expected to ward off evil spirits similar to bagua mirrors or act as good-luck charms for Chinese marriages.
[edit] Other
Chinese knot also refers to a game in which the players hold their arms together in a complex pattern, while a bystander tries to give them directions to untie their arms.
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Chinese knotting is decorative in nature even when making useful objects like buttons or curtain tie-backs. Tracing the evolution of this art form is difficult because little, if any, written reports exist on this subject. Figures of knotting objects appear in painting and sculpture that date back to ancient times. Remnants of these objects are hard to find since, the cords, made of fibers, disintegrate with age.
During the late 19th century and early 20th century, fanciful knots made of silk cords decorated tobacco pouches, eyeglasses cases, sachets and other items. The knots, whether simple or intricate, would decorate other works of art. With the arrival of mass production, the knot works along with other handmade crafts lost its value and nearly disappeared as an art form.
Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 in the mainland, and the withdrawal of the Republic of China to Taiwan, the art of Chinese knotting nearly became extinct but for the few remaining elderly women who still remember how to do it. Lydia Chen, an authorty on this art form wrote in her 1971 book that there was only one master knotter left outside of mainland China. His name was Wang Chen-kai who worked in the National Palace Museum.
During the 70's and 80's Chinese knotting became popular around the same time as macrame became popular, specially in the United States. It is the hope of knot tyer fans throughout the world that interest in this art form will increase.

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