1.life inthe oceans appears in different sizes,ranging from..RANGING为什么用ING形式2.帮忙总结一下主谓一致和什么时候跟前面主语什么时候跟后面主语..

1.life inthe oceans appears in different sizes,ranging from..RANGING为什么用ING形式2.帮忙总结一下主谓一致和什么时候跟前面主语什么时候跟后面主语..
1.life inthe oceans appears in different sizes,ranging from..RANGING为什么用ING形式
2.帮忙总结一下主谓一致和什么时候跟前面主语什么时候跟后面主语..

1.life inthe oceans appears in different sizes,ranging from..RANGING为什么用ING形式2.帮忙总结一下主谓一致和什么时候跟前面主语什么时候跟后面主语..
ranging from...是分词短语做状语,表伴随状态.
主谓一致指的是谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语保持一致.处理主谓一致问题,可依据三项原则：语法上一致、意义上一致和就近一致.根据这些原则,总结如下：
1.谓语动词用单数.
(1)以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数动词.
例如：To work hard is necessary.努力工作是必要的.
Reading without comprehension is no good.只读不理解是不好的.
It pays to work hard. 天道酬勤.
(2)事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时,谓语动词用单数.
例如：The United States was formed in 1776.美国于1776年成立.
The New York Times still has a wide circulation.纽约时报发行量仍然很大.
Roots is a novel about a black family.《根》是一部关于(美国)黑人家庭的小说.
(3)表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语,习惯上用单数谓语动词.
例如：Two weeks was too long.两周太长了.
Ten dollars is a small sum.十美元是个小数目.
Five times five makes twenty five.五乘以五是二十五.
One and a half bananas is left on the table.一只半香蕉留在桌子上.
(4)表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.
例如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.语言学是人类语言中的一个分枝.
(5)有些名词形式是复数,意义为单数,作主语时,要求单数动词.
例如：The chaos was stopped by the police.混乱被警察阻止了.
The news is a great encouragement to us.这新闻对我们来说是一个很大的鼓舞.
Her present whereabouts is still unknown.她目前的行踪仍然不明.
(6)主语是单数时,尽管后面跟as well as (以及),no less than (不少于……,多 达),rather than(而不是),more than(不止是,超过),but(除了),except(除……外),besides( 加之,还有),with(和……一起,和……一块儿),along with(跟……一起),accompanied by ( 由……陪同),combined with(加上),in addition to(除……以外),including(包括),together with(与……一起)等,谓语动词仍用单数形式.
(7)某些不定代词,如：either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone, anything,somebody,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing 等,当他们作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式.
例如：Each of the boys has an apple.每个孩子都有苹果.
Somebody is using the phone.有人正在用电话.
Everything around us is matter.我们周围一切都是物质.
但是口语中当either或neither后+of+复数名词(或代词)作定语时,其谓语动词也可用复数.
例如：Is (Are)either of the boys ready?两个男孩都准备好了吗?
Neither of the novels is (are)interesting.哪一本小说都没意思.
(8)集合名词作主语表示整体概念时,动词用单数谓语形式.
例如：The government is made up of senior members of the four main right?wing parties.
这届政府由四个主要右翼党的高级官员组成.
His family is not very large.他的家庭并不太大.
The staff of our school is opposed to the drastic changes in the system of education.
我们学校的教员都反对教育体制的激烈改革.
The crowd was deeply stirred by his speech.他的演说深深地打动了听众.
(9)用and连接的成分表示单一概念时,动词谓语用单数形式.
例如：Bread and butter is our daily food.黄油和面包是我们的日常食用品.
Time and tide waits for no man.时光和潮流不等人.
The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meeting.该校的书记兼校长出席了会议.
(10)用and连接的并列成分前面有each,every,many a,no等词修饰时,意义为单数,动词也相应地用单数形式.
例如：In China,every boy and girl has the right to compulsory education.在中国每个儿童都有权利接受义务教育.
Each man and woman who takes the TOEFL is supposed to get the score report in five weeks.参加托福考试的每个人都能在五个星期内收到成绩通知单.
Many a student and teacher has seen the film.不少老师和学生都看过这部影片.
(11) none(of+名词或代词)在正式文体中被看做单数,谓语动词用单数,但非正式文体中也可以用复数.
例如：None of us seem to have thought of it.我们中似乎没有人想到它.
“Is there any letter for me?”“Sorry,there’s none.”“有我的信吗”?“对不起,没有.”
None of the drivers has (have) turned up.一个司机都没有来.
2.谓语动词用复数.
(1)用and,both...and连接的并列主语,或在both,(a)few,many,several等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式.
例如：Plastics and rubber never rot.塑料和橡胶永不生锈.
He and I were classmates when we were at college.他和我大学时曾是同班同学.
Both of these novels are interesting.这两部小说都有意思.
Few people know it.几乎无人知道.
(2)集体名词如people,police,public,militia,cattle,class,youth等,常用复数形式的谓语动词.
例如：The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的.
Most police wear uniforms.绝大多数警察穿制服.
The cattle are grazing in the sunshine.一群牛在阳光下吃草.
(3)当表示民族的词与冠词合用充当主语时,谓语动词用复数形式.
例如：The Japanese were once very aggressive.日本人曾是很具有侵略性的.
The English are more conservative and less talkative than the Americans.英国人比美国人保守且不爱说话.
(4)某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人.作主语时,谓语动词用复数.
例如：The rich are not always selfish.富人不总是自私的.
The wounded are well treated here.伤员在这儿接受良好治疗.
The aged suffer from various miseries in this country.老年人在这个国家承受各种悲惨遭遇.
(5)不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数.
例如：Three million tons of coal were exported that year.那年出口三百万吨煤.
Two million square meters of housing were constructed in my hometown last year.我的家乡去年盖了二百万平方米的住宅.
－－－－－－－－－－
谓语动词可用单数也可以用复数
1.就近一致.
有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致,主要有以下两种情况：
(1)用连词either...or,neither...nor,whether...or,not only...but(also),or等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,则谓语动词按就近一致原则,与最靠近它的主语一致.
例如：What he does or what he says does not concern me.他做什么或是他说什么与我无关.
Either the boy or the girl knows him well.不是这男孩就是那女孩了解他.
Neither money nor fame has influence on me. 钱和荣誉都不会让我动心.
Not only you but also he is wrong.你和他都错了.
(2)在倒装结构中,谓语动词往往和后面的第一个主语取得一致.
例如：Where is your mother and younger sisters?你的母亲和妹妹们在哪里?
There is a book,two pencils and some buttons on the table.在桌子上,有一本书,两支铅笔和一些扣子.
2.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数.名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数.
这些短语有：a lot of(lots of),plenty of,a heap of (heaps of),half of,two?thirds of,ninety percent of,part of,rest of,some of,none of等.
例如：Lots of damage was caused by the fire.火灾造成了很大的损失.
Two?thirds of people present are women.在场三分之二的人是妇女.
40 percent of the students come from the south of China.40%的学生来自中国的南方.
A number of students were late.许多同学迟到了.
3.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意义.
当表示整体时,谓语动词用单数；当主语强调集体中的个体时,谓语动词用复数(意义一致原则).
如：army,audience,
band,board,crowd,cattle,class,club,committee,crew,family等等.
例如：The family is the basic unit of our society.家庭是社会的基本单元.
The family were watching TV.全家人正在看电视.
The committee meets twice a month.委员会一月开两次会.
The committee are divided in opinion.委员会意见有分歧.
The audience was enormous.观众人很多.
The audience were greatly moved at the words.听了这话听众都很感动.
4.定语从句中关系代词作主语时,其谓语动词的数必须与其先行词一致.
例如：I,who am your friend,will try my best to help you.我作为你的朋友会尽力帮助你.
Each of us who are his classmates is willing to help him.我们这些他的同班同学都乐意帮助他.
－－－－－－－－－
代词的一致
代词一致是指句中代词应在数、性、人称等方面彼此保持一致,或者与它所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致.
例如：He is devoted to his aged mother.他全心全意地照顾他的年迈的母亲.
The city is proud of its parks.这座城市为它所拥有的公园而自豪.
You will be late for your appointment.你约会要迟到了.
The old man hurt his foot.老人伤了他的脚.
(1) 由and连接两个先行词时,代词用复数.
例如：The tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident.在事故中旅游者和商人丢失了行李.
(2) 由either...or,neither...nor,not only...but (also),or连接先行词,如果两个先行词在数和性上是一致的,就用其相应的一致的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数、性上保持一致.
例如：Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.玛丽和爱丽丝都没带钥匙.
Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination.包裹和信都未到达目的地.
Did Andrew or Alice lose herself confidence?是安德鲁还是艾丽斯失去了信心?
Not only Tom but I can do my work well.我和汤姆都能将工作做好.
在正式语体中,如果两个先行词在性或数上不一致,则用两个不同的人称代词.如：
If either David or Janet comes,he or she will want a drink.
如果是大卫或珍妮特来,他或她是要喝点儿的.
(3) 当each,everyone,everybody,no one,none,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody 用作主语或主语的限定词时,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式.
例如：Everybody talked at the top of his voice.每个人使劲扯着嗓门讲话.
None of the boys can do it,can he?没人能做这件事,他行吗?
Nobody wants to go there,does he?没人愿意去那儿,他愿意吗?
在非正式文体中,也可根据意义一致原则用复数代词.
例如：Everybody knows what they have to do.每个人都知道他们必须做什么.
(4) everything,anything,something,nothing之类的不定代词作主语时,句中相应的代词,一般只按语法一致的原则,用其单数的形式.
例如：Everything is ready,isn’t it?一切都准备好了,对吧?
Something strange happened,didn’t it?不是吗?某种奇怪的事情发生了.
(5) 当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式.
例如：They each have two coats.他们每人两件外衣.
We are each responsible for his own family.我们各自负责自己的家庭.

from是介词,介词后跟随动词ing形式.