考研英语原文长难句 附加成分的用法和分号What he undertakes to prove is that the modification of species during a long course of descent has been effected chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive slight favorable

考研英语原文长难句 附加成分的用法和分号What he undertakes to prove is that the modification of species during a long course of descent has been effected chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive slight favorable
考研英语原文长难句 附加成分的用法和分号
What he undertakes to prove is that the modification of species during a long course of descent has been effected chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive slight favorable variations,aided in an important manner by the inherited effects of the use and disuse of parts; and in an unimportant manner,--that is,in relation to adaptive structures,whether past or present,by the direct action of external conditions,and by variations which seem to us,in our ignorance,to arise spontaneously.
; and；（加分号）和直接的and(不加分号)有什么区别吗?
and 和前面加了逗号的and 有什么区别吗?
which seem to us,in our ignorance,to arise spontaneously.to arise spontaneously
前面和什么相连接,
seem to us to arise spontaneously不顺口啊,

考研英语原文长难句 附加成分的用法和分号What he undertakes to prove is that the modification of species during a long course of descent has been effected chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive slight favorable
主要结构
 

主语从句：What he undertakes to prove 他所负责证明的（事情/课题）

系动词：is

表语从句：that the modification of species during a long course of descent has been effected chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive slight favorable variations,aided in an important manner by the inherited effects of the use and disuse of parts; and in an unimportant manner,--that is,in relation to adaptive structures,whether past or present,by the direct action of external conditions,and by variations which seem to us,in our ignorance,to arise spontaneously

 
表语从句的结构
 

主语：the modification of species during a long course of descent 世系长期发展进程期间物种的诱发变异

 

并列谓语：

 
　　1、has been effected chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive slight favorable variations
 
　　【复合谓语动词】 has been effected 已经受到影响
　　【方式状语】chiefly through the natural selection of numerous successive slight favorable variations 主要通过无数连续的不太明显的有利的变种之自然选择
 
　　2、(has been) aided in an important manner by the inherited effects of the use and disuse of parts; and in an unimportant manner,— that is,in relation to adaptive structures,whether past or present,by the direct action of external conditions,and by variations which seem to us,in our ignorance,to arise spontaneously
 
　　【省略has been的谓语动词】aided （已经）得到促进
　　【并列方式状语】
　　·in an important manner by the inherited effects of the use and disuse of parts; 通过实用的遗传作用和局部的遗弃,以一种重要方式（得到促进）
　　·and in an unimportant manner,— that is,in relation to adaptive structures,whether past or present,by the direct action of external conditions,and by variations which seem to us,in our ignorance,to arise spontaneously 以一种次要的方式（得到促进）,就是说,就适应性组织结构而论,无论是过去还是现在,通过外部条件的直接作用（得到促进）,并且在我们尚不知道的情况下通过在我们看来自然产生的变异（得到促进）
 
难点释疑
 
【关于 and 的用法】
 

如果是两个以上的平行结构并列时,最后一个并列成分直接用and 连接

如果并列结构中出现插入语,and 前用逗号隔开

如果其中一个并列结构中存在与前项不平行的加成分且中间有一个以上的逗号时,该并列结构要用分号标明层次.

【关于which seem to us,in our ignorance,to arise spontaneously】
 
　　which 指代 variations 即variations seem to us to arise spontaneously（变异在我们看来会自然产生）,in our ignorance（在我们尚不知道的情况下）是插入语
 
参考译文：
 
　　他所负责证明的是世系长期发展进程期间物种的诱发变异已经主要通过无数连续的不太明显的有利的变种之自然选择受到影响,同时这种诱发变异已经通过实用的遗传作用和局部的遗弃以一种重要方式得到促进；另外还以一种次要的方式得到促进——也就是说,就适应性组织结构而论,无论是过去还是现在,他们是通过外部条件的直接作用并且在我们尚不知道的情况下通过在我们看来自然产生的变异得到促进.
 
（注：译文读起来有些别扭,润色需要时间,请谅解.）